Penny in the Dust free essay sample

In the short story Penny in the Dust by Ernest Buckler, the creator utilizes the strategy for introducing Peter’s see on this dad and his father’s see on him by differentiating and contrasting. Thusly, it shows that miscommunication will cause issues between individuals except if they open up to one another. Dwindle is depicted as an innovative kid and yet has an adult view on things particularly towards his dad. Being a youngster, he admires his dad and regards and attempts to get him. He knows his dad isn’t what many may think he is, rather Peter realizes he is certain, decided and â€Å"an incoherent man somewhat adrift with an innovative child† (Buckler pg. 1). He feels that his dad is extremely developed and needs to be much the same as him later on. At the end of the day, he doesn’t need to be looked down on by him. We will compose a custom paper test on Penny in the Dust or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page An ideal model would be when Peter loses the penny his dad game him. At the point when it was lost, Peter was crushed and expected that he would be viewed as untrustworthy and adolescent by his dad. Not just that, his viewpoint on his dad characterizes what peter's identity is. Knowing mindfulness that his dad demonstrated made Peter blameworthy also. Regardless of the significance of Peter’s see on his dad, his father’s see on Peter is basic also. As referenced in the book, Peter’s father doesn’t very skill to speak with his darling child; his making him care very much about how his child takes a gander at him. Probably the greatest point of view he has on Peter is that he is continually being decided by him. More often than not adversely, in view of their absence of correspondence and misconception that has developed between them. He continually and need endorsement from his child that he is making the best choice and being a decent parent. One of the manners in which he communicated his consideration was giving Peter the glossy new penny. Alongside giving something new and intriguing to Peter, he was wanting to show his love for him simultaneously. Like a push to help bond nearer to Peter, a child’s world where â€Å"he would never barge in on it without feeling ungainly and aware of trespass. † To add on, since he esteems Peter’s see on him, it was most likely decimating for him to realize that Peter escaped him after he lost the penny unintentionally. At that point, Peter’s father was vexed reasoning he was alarming or excessively exacting in his son’s eyes yet when it was really something totally different. At the point when Peter at last clarified why he covered up, his dad felt very contacted. All it took was a little correspondence and a lot of comprehension for the dread to be pursued away. Peter’s father’s see is a colossal part in improving the dad and child relationship subject of the story. Last yet not rent, how do these two perspectives balance and contrast and each other? As a matter of first importance, they are intensely affected by the science that happens between one another. Since they have little correspondence, Peter and his father’s see depends exclusively on what they think with no strong confirmation. A lot of their view s are presumably trusted and changed by their inward feelings of trepidation and contemplations. For instance, dread asks an immense part in both of their points of view. Peter’s dread was losing the main association he had with his dad when he lost the penny. Consequently, making him stow away and send an inappropriate messages to his dad. With that basic miscommunication it caused Peter’s father’s thought of what Peter considers him to totally change into something negative.

Zimbabwe Imperialism essays

Zimbabwe Imperialism articles Since the time the freedom of Zimbabwe in 1980, it has gotten a savage, confused, and insecure nation. Zimbabwes President Mugabe is a domineering pioneer, killing both highly contrasting ranchers while promising a Guarantee to reestablish the standard of law to the procedure of land change. Before Zimbabwes autonomy, notwithstanding, Britain governed a practically helpful land, where viciousness was possibly discovered when the Queen had to persecute negative uprisings by radicals that would just damage their nation. The way to Zimbabwes autonomy was long and enduring, yet to the British government I suggest this conversation starter: is the repercussions of picking up freedom worth the entirety of that? As a concerned Zimbabwean resident, I accept not, and I feel that it would not exclusively be in Zimbabwes wellbeing to recover the assistant of a steady country, however Britain would pick up the characteristic asset rich land in southern Africa. This unstable and foolish country n eeds change, something that has been erroneously guaranteed to the Zimbabweans since Mugabe became president. In spite of the fact that it is contended that the locals culture and customs will be freed of with colonization, Britain ought to have no enthusiasm for that, just changing the administration and carrying the economy to a steady pace. It is basic that Britain re-colonize Zimbabwe for major political, monetary, and social reasons: Zimbabwes pioneer is a despot who deceives and abuses his kin, the Zimbabwean economy is less then satisfactory and necessities a lift to help the nation, and the locals need change so they may better their way of life. Beginning in 1889, the British South Africa Company controlled the state of Rhodesia under an imperial contract. During the 1920s and 30s, work issues between the white and blacks in Rhodesia prompted rough resistance and the development of African ideological groups. In 1953 the Southern Rhodesia province turned out to be a piece of the ... <!

Links Between Trauma, PTSD, and Dissociative Disorders

Links Between Trauma, PTSD, and Dissociative Disorders PTSD Related Conditions Print Links Between Trauma, PTSD, and Dissociative Disorders By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 01, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 02, 2020 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Martin Dimitrov/Getty Images There is a very strong link between trauma (especially childhood abuse and/or neglect) and dissociative disorders, and the relationship is important in both directions. Its thought that long-term trauma is a root cause of dissociative disorders, with dissociation occurring as a coping strategy that allows people to distance themselves from a trauma that may otherwise be unbearable. When dissociation continues when real danger no longer exists, however, it can prolong or even prevent recovery from abuse and neglect. There is also a connection between dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We will take a deeper look deeper into these relationships, including changes in brain function that may further explain the connection. Defining Dissociation and Dissociative Disorders Its important to briefly define both dissociation and dissociative disorders before examining the impact of trauma. Dissociation Dissociation is a disconnection between a persons thoughts, feelings, memories, behaviors, perception, and/or sense of identity. Nearly everyone has experienced dissociation at some time, with examples including daydreaming, or the common scenario of zoning out while driving and not remembering the last few miles of highway (highway hypnosis). Dissociative Disorders Unlike normal dissociation, dissociative disorders involve dissociation (an involuntary escape from reality) that interferes with a persons work and/or family life. Roughly two percent of the population is thought to experience a dissociative disorder, and it occurs across all age groups, ethnic groups, and socioeconomic backgrounds. While these conditions are diagnosed more often in women, many researchers believe they occur equally often in both sexes. General symptoms of dissociative disorders include: Memory loss that may involve people, places, or eventsThe feeling of being physically detached from the body, as if watching a movie of oneselfEmotional detachmentLack of sense of selfConsequences of dissociation, such as relationship struggles, loss of jobs, anxiety, depression, and thoughts of self-harm Other symptoms may be present depending on the type of dissociative disorder. While there is a spectrum of symptoms from mild to severe, and the symptoms can vary tremendously between people, symptoms tend to be similar each time they occur for a specific individual Types of dissociative disorders include: Dissociative amnesia: This disorder is most common, and characterized by memory loss regarding important events or periods of time in a persons lifeDissociative fugue: This disorder is characterized by wandering off and having no memory of an event or period of timeDepersonalization/derealization: Depersonalization refers to the sense of being outside of your body or feel as if observing your life from the sidelines. While roughly 50 percent of adults will have at least one episode of depersonalization, it is classified as a disorder if the depersonalization has a negative impact on a persons relationships or work life. Derealization may occur along with depersonalization and refers to a feeling of being detached from ones surroundings.Dissociative identity disorder (formerly called multiple personality syndrome): Identity confusion and identity alteration may occur to varying degrees with this syndrome, with a persons personality split between one or more alternative personalities.D issociative disorder not otherwise specified Link Between Trauma and Dissociation There is a very strong link between trauma and dissociation. Ongoing trauma, especially childhood physical, sexual, or emotional abuse and/or neglect is a very significant risk factor for the development of dissociative disorders and is thought to be the root cause in at least 90 percent of people with these conditions. In fact, dissociative disorders are associated with the highest frequency of childhood abuse and neglect of all psychiatric disorders. While ongoing abuse, frequently in childhood, is most common, a single but catastrophic episode of trauma in either children or adults (such as natural disasters, military combat, torture, and violent crimes) may also precede the development of dissociative disorders. Dissociation as an Avoidance Coping Strategy Dissociation in the setting of chronic trauma is considered to be a coping strategy, at least initially. In the setting of childhood abuse or neglect, dissociation is thought to be a self-protective survival technique in which a child (or adult) slips into a dissociative state in order to escape fully experiencing trauma that is unbearable. Children, especially, may be helpless to do anything about the trauma, and disconnecting from the abuse or neglect (escaping in a sense)  can allow them to cope. In addition to disconnecting, derealization may help the child experience reality as a dream that is not really happening to them. (Its important to note that emotional abuse and neglect in childhood, though somewhat more difficult to recognize than physical or sexual abuse, can likewise lead to dissociation in an attempt to make the neglect more bearable.) To further support this link between trauma and dissociation, the authors of a 2014 article published in Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience  note that  people with dissociative disorders report the highest occurrence of abuse in childhood abuse and/or neglect among all psychiatric diseases. This is an extremely strong link, suggesting that dissociation is the ultimate reaction to significant trauma. When talking about trauma, its is important to note that not everyone who experiences childhood trauma will develop a dissociative disorder. Long-Term Negative Effects of Dissociation While dissociation can initially be a coping strategy that allows a person to manage severe stress and personal threats, problems occur when dissociation occurs in situations where the real danger is not present. And since dissociation usually occurs without conscious awareness, people do not usually realize that they are using it as a coping strategy. Dissociation without a real threat is a double-edged sword in a few ways. Disconnecting in this setting can interfere with a persons relationships, work, and daily functioning. Since addressing a history of abuse may be perceived as a threat and cause dissociation, it can interfere with healing and recovery from trauma. Disconnecting from normal situations that do not pose significant stress may also result in a person tolerating a situation that should be changed. Age of Trauma and Dissociative Disorders In general, the severity of a dissociative disorder correlates with the severity of abuse or neglect, but it appears that children of certain sensitive ages are more likely to develop these disorders in response to trauma. Children who are preschool age (age 4 to age 5), as well as pre-adolescents (age 8 to age 9), appear to be particularly vulnerable. Overall, ongoing severe trauma before the age of 9 years is most strongly associated with the development of dissociative disorders, and when they occur, they may be present as early as age 5. Brain Changes in Trauma and Dissociation The link between trauma and dissociation is further supported by studies looking at changes in brain function associated with trauma or dissociation. Its known that childhood abuse affects the brain, and a 2018 review found that dissociation is associated with similar changes in the brain and neural connections that may underly the symptoms and behaviors. While the changes are complex, some that have been noted include decreased limbic activity, increased frontal lobe activity, and changes in communication between these two regions. Certainly, the neurobiology of trauma and dissociation is an area where much research is needed. The Effects of Childhood Trauma The Connection of Trauma, PTSD, and Dissociation Dissociation and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are also closely connected and frequently occur together, with some considering dissociative disorders to be a subtype or subset of PTSD. The symptoms, as well as the impact of the two conditions, however, can be quite different. PTSD may develop after a single traumatic experience, as either a child or as an adult (for example, witnessing a violent event or natural disaster). On the other hand, dissociative disorders usually result from trauma and stress in childhood, not adulthood, and stem from chronic trauma (for example, repeated episodes of physical, emotional, or sexual abuse). Unlike the trauma that often underlies dissociative disorders, in which specific age groups appear to be more vulnerable, PTSD is less dependent on age and related more to the severity of the traumatic experiences. Dissociation, but without the degree of impact of dissociative disorders, are common with PTSD. In dissociation with PTSD, the symptoms of PTSD can intensify dissociation, but it is often short-lived. Compared to people with dissociative disorders, those with classic PTSD often have lower levels of trauma avoidance as well. That said, when significant symptoms of dissociation (such as depersonalization and/or derealization) occur, they can hinder recovery (or lead to worsening) of PTSD without treatment. A Word From Verywell If you have experienced a traumatic event and also experience dissociation, it is important to seek help. While dissociative disorders are relatively common (at two percent of the population), a major problem is that most people are completely unaware that they are responding with these behaviors. Left alone, this can lead to depression, anxiety, relationship and work problems, substance abuse problems, and more. And not only are these behaviors maladaptive, but they can prevent recovery from the original trauma that was the source of the dissociation. Fortunately, when recognized, recovery from dissociative disorders, PTSD, and childhood trauma is possible, and frequently includes a combination of psychotherapy (such as cognitive behavioral therapy and dialectical behavior therapy) and medications. Treatment may help you learn how to safely confront and cope with your traumatic experience, as well as face experiences that are non-threatening but often go unaddressed due to dissociation. The International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation (ISSTD) provides a wealth of information on the connection between trauma and dissociation, as well as links to therapists who treat trauma and dissociation. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Blackbeard the Pirate - Edward Teach

Blackbeard - Early Life: The man who became Blackbeard appears to have been born in or around Bristol, England around 1680. While most sources indicate that his name was Edward Teach, various spellings such as Thatch, Tack, and Theache were used during his career. Also, as many pirates used aliases it is possible that Blackbeards real name is unknown. It is believed that he arrived in the Caribbean as a merchant sailor in the last years of the 17th century before settling on Jamaica. Some sources also indicate that he sailed as a British privateer during Queen Annes War (1702-1713). Blackbeard - Turning to the Pirates Life: Following the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, Teach moved to the pirate haven of New Providence in the Bahamas. Three years later, he appears to have joined the crew of pirate Captain Benjamin Hornigold. Demonstrating skill, Teach was soon placed in command of a sloop. In early 1717, they successfully operated out of New Providence capturing several ships. That September, they met with Stede Bonnet. A landowner turned pirate, the inexperienced Bonnet had recently been wounded in an engagement with a Spanish ship. Talking with the other pirates, he agreed to temporarily let Teach command his ship, Revenge. Sailing with three ships, the pirates continued to have success that fall. Despite this, Hornigolds crew became dissatisfied with his leadership and by the end of the year he was forced to retire. Pressing on with Revenge and a sloop, Teach captured the French guineaman La Concorde on November 28 off St. Vincent. Discharging its cargo of slaves, he converted it into his flagship and renamed it Queen Annes Revenge. Mounting 32-40 guns, Queen Annes Revenge soon saw action as Teach continued capturing ships. Taking the sloop Margaret on December 5, Teach released the crew a short time later. Returning to St. Kitts, Margarets captain, Henry Bostock, detailed his capture to Governor Walter Hamilton. In making his report, Bostock described Teach as having a long black beard. This identifying feature soon gave the pirate his nickname Blackbeard. In an effort to look more fearsome, Teach later braided the beard and took to wearing lit matches under his hat. Continuing to cruise the Caribbean, Teach captured the sloop Adventure off Belize in March 1718 which was added to his small fleet. Moving north and taking ships, Teach passed Havana and moved up the Florida coast. Blackbeard - The Blockade of Charleston: Arriving off Charleston, SC in May 1718, Teach effectively blockaded the harbor. Stopping and plundering nine ships in the first week, he took several prisoners before demanding that the city provide him with medical supplies for his men. The citys leaders agreed and Teach sent a party ashore. After some delay, his men returned with the supplies. Upholding his promise, Teach released his prisoners and departed. While at Charleston, Teach learned that Woodes Rogers had departed England with a large fleet and orders to sweep pirates from the Caribbean. Blackbeard - A Bad Time at Beaufort: Sailing north, Teach headed for Topsail (Beaufort) Inlet, NC to refit and careen his ships. On entering the inlet, Queen Annes Revenge struck a sandbar and was badly damaged. In trying to free the ship, Adventure was also lost. Left with only Revenge and a captured Spanish sloop, Teach pushed into the inlet. One of Bonnets men later testified that Teach intentionally ran Queen Annes Revenge aground and some have speculated that the pirate leader was seeking to reduce his crew in order to increase his share of the plunder. During this period, Teach also learned of the offer of a royal pardon to all pirates who surrendered before September 5, 1718. Though tempted he was concerned as it only cleared pirates for crimes committed prior to January 5, 1718 and thus would not pardon him for his actions off Charleston. Though most authorities typically would waive such conditions, Teach remained skeptical. Believing that Governor Charles Eden of North Carolina could be trusted, he dispatched Bonnet to Bath, NC as a test. Arriving, Bonnet was duly pardoned and planned to return to Topsail to collect Revenge before sailing for St. Thomas. Blackbeard - A Brief Retirement: Arriving, Bonnet found that Teach had departed in a sloop after plundering Revenge and marooning part of his crew. Sailing in search of Teach, Bonnet returned to piracy and was captured that September. Having departed Topsail, Teach sailed for Bath where he accepted a pardon in June 1718. Anchoring his sloop, which he named Adventure, in Ocracoke Inlet, he settled in Bath. Though encouraged to seek a privateers commission by Eden, Teach soon returned to piracy and operated around Delaware Bay. Later taking two French ships, he kept one and returned to Ocracoke. Arriving, he told Eden that he had found the ship abandoned at sea and an Admiralty court soon confirmed Teachs claim. With Adventure anchored in Ocracoke, Teach entertained fellow pirate Charles Vane, who had escaped Rogers fleet in the Caribbean. New of this meeting of pirates soon spread through the colonies causing fear. While Pennsylvania dispatched ships to capture them, the Governor of Virginia, Alexander Spotswood, became equally concerned. Arresting William Howard, the former quartermaster on Queen Annes Revenge, he obtained key information regarding Teachs whereabouts. Blackbeard - Last Stand: Believing that Teach presence in the region presented a crisis, Spotswood financed an operation to capture the notorious pirate. While the captains of HMS Lyme and HMS Pearl were to take forces overland to Bath, Lieutenant Robert Maynard was to sail south to Ocracoke with two armed sloops, Jane and Ranger. On November 21, 1718, Maynard located Adventure anchored inside Ocracoke Island. The next morning, his two sloops entered the channel and were spotted by Teach. Coming under fire from Adventure, Ranger was badly damaged and played no further role. While the progression of the battle is uncertain, at some point Adventure ran aground. Closing, Maynard hid the majority of his crew below before coming alongside Adventure. Swarming aboard with his men, Teach was taken by surprise when Maynards men sprung up from below. In the melee that followed, Teach engaged Maynard and broke the British officers sword. Attacked by Maynards men, Teach received five gunshot wounds and was stabbed at least twenty times before falling dead. With the loss of their leader, the remaining pirates quickly surrendered. Cutting Teachs head from his body, Maynard ordered it suspended from Janes bowsprit. The rest of the pirates body was thrown overboard. Though known as one of the most fearsome pirates to sail the waters of North America and the Caribbean, there are no verified accounts of Teach having harmed or killed any of his captives. Selected Sources National Geographic: Blackbeard LivesQueen Annes Revenge

Heart of Atlanta V. United States - 825 Words

Heart of Atlanta v. United States Heart of Atlanta v. United States (1964) - Any business that was participating in interstate commerce would be required to follow all rules of the federal civil rights legislation. In this case, a motel that wanted to continue segregation was denied because they did business with people from other states. This important case represented an immediate challenge to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the landmark piece of civil rights legislation which represented the first comprehensive act by Congress on civil rights and race relations since the Civil Rights Act of 1875. For much of the 100 years preceding 1964, race relations in the United States had been dominated by segregation, a system of racial separation†¦show more content†¦In addition, the owner argued that the act violated his Fifth Amendment rights to choose customers and operate his business as he wished and resulted in unjust deprivation of his property without due process of law and just compensation. Finally, the own er argued that Congress had placed him in a position of involuntary servitude by forcing him to rent available rooms to blacks, thereby violating his Thirteenth Amendment rights. In response, the United States countered that the restrictions in adequate accommodation for black Americans severely interfered with interstate travel, and that Congress, under the United States Constitution s Commerce clause, was certainly within its power to address such matters. Moreover, they argued, the Fifth Amendment does not forbid reasonable regulation of interstate commerce and such incidental damage did not constitute the taking of property without just compensation or due process of law. Third, they argued that the Thirteenth Amendment applied primarily to slavery and the removal of widespread disabilities associated with it; in such kind, the Amendment certainly would not place issues of racial discrimination in public accommodations beyond the reach of Federal and state law. The District court ruled in favor of the United States and issued a permanent injunction requiring the Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. to refrain from using racialShow MoreRelatedThe Heart Of Atlanta Motel V United States1273 Words   |  6 PagesDuane Unit II Assessment Briefing Paper 1: Critical Legal Thinking The heart of Atlanta Motel v United States was a very sensitive case during the 60’s with uprising of racial equality separation. 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On the Roles of Microfinance in Developing Countries Free Essays

string(114) " that is poverty and scarce resources, we all are aware that such a big problem is rooted in more than one thing\." Much of the underdeveloped world grows and produces agricultural products. Because many of these underdeveloped nations have very little political clout with the rest of the world, and because farmers in wealthy nations have lots of political power, the goods from these poorer nations are tariffed and quota’d right out of the richer nation’s markets. † -Keith Brown, Free Trade Foreign Policy: The Independent Institute, May 1, 2000 Introduction The quote above provides a very nice generalization of exactly what we will discover in this chapter: the roles of microfinance in promoting economic growth, development, and sustainability. We will write a custom essay sample on On the Roles of Microfinance in Developing Countries or any similar topic only for you Order Now Microfinance can provide exactly what most of the underdeveloped world needs: capital to invest in themselves in order to reach themselves out of poverty, thus creating self sufficiency. However, as Mr. Brown stated, what microfinance has failed to do (albeit it was not designed to do) is make these poorer farmers globally competitive. They cannot be competitive due to larger ountries’ inability to make the free market free for all nations, not Just those who control most of it. However, even without making major strides on the global market, microfinance has done most of exactly what it was designed to do. It has brought most of its participants out of a fruitless future, one full of deabilitating poverty. There are many statistics out on the books about microfinance’s effect on the poor of the world. Throughout the chapter, we will go into further detail on how these statistics reflect the exact influence of microfinance on the world, poor and middle class. The statistics will reflect exactly what has been stated in past chapters: microfinance works. It isn’t the end-all, be-all solution to the world’s poverty, but it is a solid start to eradicate it. Another topic we will cover in detail is the paradox between economic growth and sustainability, and whether or not they are mutually exclusive. An article, brilliantly written by Dr. Karen Higgins of Claremont Graduate University in California suggests that â€Å"limitless economic growth counters sustainability’. If the economy grows too big, will we end up exhausting our resources, thus actually making the economy more hort lived? Furthermore, we will go in depth on the effects of microfinance on the world, and more specifically, developed and developing nations. There is a plethora of information on what impact microfinance has on the world, mostly in the form of a poor farmer receiving a loan to buy supplies in order to make more product, so that the farmer’s family can actually live on as well as sell their stock. However, there are also stories in which an especially lucky person receives a loan, invests in a good product or business, and actually goes from abject poverty to middle class. Such As you read, keep in mind that, as stated earlier, microfinance will not solve poverty and all its ills. Whether you are a passionate skeptic or supporter of it after reading this book, know that there are many more obstacles in the way of a poverty free world, those obstacles including political corruption, power inequalities on a global scale, climate change, war and conflict, disease, education, and availability of resources. By no means does microfinance seek to save the world. It does not mean to take the place of charity and giving, nor does it mean to take the place of hard work and perseverance. However, it does hope to make it easier for those who struggle amidst hard work, perseverance, and charity. It means to give every child a chance to live and be educated. In a world where nanotechnology and outer space travel are taken for granted, why does three quarters of the world still live on less than a dollar day? While we know that there are many answers to that question, we also know for a fact that microfinance can solve some of those problems. What is Economic Growth, Development, and Sustainability? According to the Center for the Advancement of the Steady State Economy (CASSE), economic growth is defined as: â€Å"†¦. n increase in the production and consumption of goods and services. It entails increasing population and/or per capita consumption. It is indicated by increasing gross domestic product (GDP). † It goes on to say that â€Å"economic growth literally refers to an economy that is getting bigger, not necessarily one that is getting better†. According to BusinessDictionary. om, economic development is defined as progress in the economy, or a qualitative measure relating to it. It usually refers to the adoption of new technologies, the transition of agriculture-based to industry-based economy, and a general improvement in living tandards Finally, according to Wise Geek, economic sustainability is â€Å"the term used to identify various strategies that make it possible to use available resource s to their best advantage†. So what do those definitions mean when we apply microfinance to them? Simply put, microfinance can be attributed to all three of these things. As has been proved since microfinance first stepped onto the economic scene, microfinance can cause economic growth in the simple fact that once a poor family receives a microloan, they can use it to invest in themselves or their children, thus making it possible for them o repay the loan, and in due time (in most cases) make a profit that will allow them to expand their propensity to consume. In terms of economic development, microfinance has also changed the face of businesses, small and large. Poor farmers in the third world can receive a microloan, and go from having to perform backbreaking labor to purchasing a machine to help them do it. Finally, as for economic sustainability, microfinance can assure that stocks are not going to waste, and in the case of poor farmers, they can actually sell their crops, instead of having to eat them to stay alive. Economic Growth, Development, Sustainability As much as we would all love a straight answer to the question that is poverty and scarce resources, we all are aware that such a big problem is rooted in more than one thing. You read "On the Roles of Microfinance in Developing Countries" in category "Papers" However, we all know that complex problems also have complex solutions. Microfinance is one thing that contributes to economic growth, but sometimes, its effect can be negated and bolstered by factors out of the control of those who run microfinance firms. Gender and Sex Inequalities Women in America are considered to be independent. Most women work, have their own property, and in some cases, even are the heads of their households. The same goes for most of the developed world. The problem here is that in developing nations, women are still, with little hope of the contrary, subjugated to men. Women in developing nations have nowhere near the rights as their developed nation counterparts do. In most Middle Eastern countries, women are still expected to wear veils over their faces, in accordance with the Muslim religion. Furthermore, they are also expected not to work, but to bear children and take care of home. In short, most of the world still has a very traditionalist point of view. This being said, when a oman’s husband dies, or leaves her, what is she to do other than to starve? Her children come first, but she barely has enough to feed the eight of them that her husband gave her before his passing. Microfinance has helped women gain more equality to their husbands and to men in general, but the fact of the matter that only when these restricting views are abolished will the chains of poverty start to come off. Once women are allowed to make their own money, they will be able to feed their children, saving the from malnutrition. They will be able to pay for their education, thus setting the children up to make something of themselves. Once women become independent, no longer will they not be able to live with a man by their side. They will be able, all things considered, to sustain their standard of living without falling into the traps of poverty. Power Trip: Political Corruption This mainly pertains to Africa and it’s long, dark history of warring nations. Ever since time began, tribes have been fighting in Africa over land, resources, and money, which could all be considered the same thing. While the heads of these tribes and regimes are eating plentifully, their followers still live in abject poverty, and are food insecure. Also, they are dying at an alarming rate. Yes, that’s right. In some African nations, men, women, and children are brutally murdered in the name of politics and power. The shameful part is that microfinance can’t stop a bullet. So how exactly do we counteract the chains of political corruption? A microloan may help a child get an education, but it means nothing if we cannot motivate them to do greater things. Just think about all of the potential Albert Einsteins, Barack Obamas, and Marie Curies out there, growing up in Africa. Now think about the fact that they were either too scared of the politics of government or killed too early to ven try and show off their potential. A main stay of the microfinance movement as well as economic development is to need to make their living situation better. What purpose do American doctors serve coming to Africa if the children they are healing never get the chance to be great like them? What purpose does a microloan serve when it pays for a child’s education that will only end up dying at the age of 1 5 from a gunshot wound? These are the questions that skeptics of microfinance need to ask themselves. Without the proper learning environment, or the proper environment in general, a child cannot be uccessful by conventional means. That goes double for a child whose parents never had an education either. A Deadly Detriment to Economic Growth: Disease Yes, a few dollars can get you that cough medicine that you need to get rid of that dastardly common cold. A few more dollars, and you can get the vaccine for the flu. A doctor’s visit is rarely too costly, but Just in case you’re running a really high fever, a call to your insurance company can get you to the nearest hospital, where you can get quality care by trained doctors that rarely have too many patients that they can’t attend to your needs. Such is the luxury of living in the developed world. At least for the lucky ones. However, if you’re that special person who has to choose between your medicine or paying for college tuition, then this may mean something to you. A huge number of the Juvenile deaths in developing nations comes from disease, whether it be HIV, AIDS, malaria, malnutrition, birth defects, or even cancer. What’s worse is that in most of these developing nations, they dont have the luxury to pay for, not to mention the convenience of even being close to a research hospital. Consequently, we are presented with the same problem I mentioned before. Children, full of potential and intelligence, dead before their time. Microfinance can only do so much, but it can cause a domino effect. Say you aren’t in reach of a hospital as a poor family in West Africa. You apply for a microloan, and invest in your children’s education as well as your farm. In time, your children go from becoming potential HIV infected children to being able to work on a cure for it. Of course, that’s an idealist’s situation, but also a completely possible one. The point here is that disease, although completely natural, is responsible for much of the turmoil we see in the developing world. However, food inequality is a big part of this. Most people don’t realize how countries like the United States suffer from obesity and heart disease while countries like Indonesia suffer from malnourishment and starvation, which leads into the next detriment from economic growth, development, and sustainability. Nominal FMF: Free Market Freedom Ever since the introduction of the free enterprise system, especially on a global scale, the intelligent, innovative, and witty people of the world have amassed fortunes beyond the wildest dreams of even their middle class counterparts in the developed world. They have had the opportunity to be themselves and create something that will ultimately better the world, and make a decent fortune at the same time, with certain government regulations, but not too many as to limit creativity. Such is the same in all the developed world. People have made fortunes from Steve Jobses, Bill Gateses, or Mark Zuckerbergs come from the developing world. The answer to that dilemma is quite simple, and it was the first thing you read. Most businesses in the developing world are agriculture based instead of industry based. However, that is all that they have in terms of business. They grow food, and their economy depends on selling the food to prosper. The cruel irony is that they have been unceremoniously taken out of the free market economy to sell their goods to richer nations. Tariffs and quotas have done their Job well, making selling goods on the world market a process that makes pulling teeth look like the easiest thing in the world. The free market has been that way in name only. The reality is that only those who control most of the free market are actually free in it. Just think if an African country like Sierra Leone traded frequently with the I-JK? Sierra Leoneans would have more money than they could spend on a regular basis. However, the I-JK has so many trade barriers set up that Sierra Loeneans cannot afford to trade with them, thus forcing them to trade locally, and limiting their earning potential. Why would the US and their allies do something like this? Most sources say security. Trading with African nations, especially in the midst of political turmoil could lead to another world war. Also, African nations are not exactly household names. For example, you will usually buy a purse made of Italian leather instead of leather made in South Africa. The biggest motive is money, but what richer nations dont realize is that trading with African nations can actually alleviate some of the problems that they face. When you have an abundance of land and resources, you no longer have a need to fght, and conflicts can be solved diplomatically, more or less. Microfinance can’t sway the decision of a country that has been doing something a certain way for over a century. But what it can do is provide a developing country with not only the money to be able to afford to trade, but the power to take control of their own lives, instead of being pushed back and forth into poverty based on the ecisions of a few, powerful nations. It All Starts Here: Education and Microfinance If you are reading this book, then you already know the value of a quality education. You know for a fact that without one, you can be stuck in a situation with no hope of getting out of it. Education, or better yet, and abundance of it, can only add to our economy. Unfortunately, not everyone has access to the same quality education. Even in developed nations, we can see that certain nations have an edge over others, and thus the more educated you are, the better standard of living you can enjoy. Take America, for example. A high school diploma is much more education than you can get in a developing nation, but in America, the mean salary for a high school graduate only is 38% less than the mean salary for a college graduate, from a study done by the Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics. Accordingly, based on a study done by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, there was an unemployment rate of 14. 4% among those with only a high school diploma. Among those with a college a degree, the unemployment rate was 7. 6%. The irony is that Sweden, and Japan in terms of education, and accordingly, we have a lower standard f living. The lower you go down the ladder, the worse the standard of living gets. Let’s take a country like Ethiopia. Ethiopia is a third world country on the east coast of Africa, and it is needless to say that they are in need of a better educational system, but for the sake of proof, here are some facts. In the years 2007-2011, a study from UNICEF showed that 82. 5% of Ethiopian children who were of age attended primary school. In those same years, the same study showed only 16% of Ethiopian children of age attended secondary school. Translation: only 16% of Ethiopian children went past the sixth grade. The previous section was aimed at what we need to get rid of in order to promote economic growth, development, and sustainability. Now we focus on what drives those things. Education is the only one worth noting, because the others are only possible when things like disease and political corruption and nominal freedom are no more. While it is not equal among nations, it is to be noted that educational competition sparked outer space travel, one of man’s greatest innovations, back when the United Stated and the former USSR were in competition. Maybe that same fire with education will spark a race to end poverty once and for all. 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The Repercussions of Bravery in the Epic Poem Beow Essay Example For Students

The Repercussions of Bravery in the Epic Poem Beow Essay ulf Throughout this paper I plan to examine the positive and negative repercussions of bravery in the epic poem Beowulf. I shall demonstrate how the consequences of bravery were beneficial in this epic. I shall also demonstrate how bravery did not always lead to a propitious outcome. The person who demonstrated the most bravery throughout this epic was obviously the main character, Beowulf. Throughout the span of his lifetime he became well renown for his bravery, but due to his bravery his life is lost in battle. We will write a custom essay on The Repercussions of Bravery in the Epic Poem Beow specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The most obvious positive repercussion of bravery would be fame. Through Beowulfs bravery and his ability to win battles he earned much fame. Soldiers and storytellers alike told tales of Beowulfs brave deeds. On pg. 121 there are Geats speaking about Beowulf, and they basically sum up the fame of Beowulfs among the average person. Telling their sorrow, telling stories of their dead king and his greatness, his glory, praising him for heroic deeds, for a life as noble as his name. Another positive repercussion of bravery is wealth. In this epic wealth would include land, money, and most importantly for a warrior, grandiose armor and weapon. In this epic soldiers can earn wealth by displaying bravery on the battlefield (or wherever else they may be battling). One example of this is after Efor and Wulf kill Ongetho, the Swedish king. The passage read, Efor and Wulf would have treasure heaped in their battle hard hands; hed repay them their bravery with wealth, give them gold and lands and silver rings, with rich rewards for the glorious deeds theyd done with their swords. Beowulf earned much wealth in all his days as well. As a warrior he gained much treasure, land, and battle gear. One other positive repercussion of bravery is that power may be achieved through it. He would achieve this power in many ways. First off, he would have wealth. Since wealth is pretty much power he would have already achieved most of his power. Next, since he is famous. Fame is power as well. This is why Beowulf had the option of becoming king instead of Higlacs heir, because Beowulf had an undeniably good reputation in battle. This is shown on page 97. The passage state, Higlacs widow brought him the crown, offered him the kingdom, not trusting Herdred, her son and Higlacs, to beat foreign invaders. A negative repercussion of bravery in this epic is that due to Beowulfs bravery and fame he keeps all the attackers away from the Geats. This doesnt sound like a negative repercussion, but in the long run it is. After Beowulf dies he leave the Wiglaf to take over for him. This is a big job because all the people that wanted to attack the Geats before (when Beowulf was king) will now feel like they can attack again. They will probably be pretty mad as well, because theyve been forced to wait so long to attack. On page 117 the feelings of some Geats are revealed. They say that, As soon as theyve learned how our lord is dead, know that the Geats are leaderless, have lost the best of kings, Beowulf-he who held our enemies away, kept land and treasure intact, who saved Hrothgar and the Danes-he who lived his whole life bravely. The final negative repercussion of bravery in this epic is that it can make people make unwise decisions. This is demonstrated with Beowulf. He could have stayed, and let the dragon go back to sleep, instead he went off to fight the dragon. So he demonstrated his bravery yet one more time. I believe the old adage live by the sword, die by the sword would apply in this case. Beowulf was always brave; his bravery always brought him fame or wealth. This time however, Beowulf dies bravely. .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9 , .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9 .postImageUrl , .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9 , .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9:hover , .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9:visited , .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9:active { border:0!important; } .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9:active , .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9 .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Patricide Essay As Beowulf said to Wiglaf on page 110 as he was dying, Youre the last of all our far-flung family, fate has swept our race away. Taken warriors in their strength and led them to the death that was waiting. And Now I follow them. In conclusion I believe that in the epic poem, Beowulf, bravery has .

story of the hour essays

story of the hour essays So it seems, the world is overrun by predominantly male figures, aggressively trying to out do, so to speak, the large population of frail, unintelligible women. As time permits, this formality has been a constant, just as the sun rising every morning is to this world is it necessary to claim that in fact woman exert characteristics of frailty? Or is it general consensus to say they dont know better? Most ignorance is vincible ignorance, claims Aldous Huxley, we dont know because we dont want to know. In relevance to Kate Chopins dynamic character, Mrs. Mallard, she battles with the hand of a stereotypical society in order to render lost feelings of self and individuality. In spite of what we would like to claim as equality amongst the sexes, women of our own generation can often be depicted as a typical housewife, furnished with kids and the ideal home. In the rush to produce such an image, many have overlooked the obvious truth-that this world is composed of intellectual women. Mrs. Mallard can easily be placed in a category as your typical woman. Perceived by all as weak, she isnt even given the chance to prove otherwise. Constantly reminded of her failing heart, it seems she herself has come to terms with how the world assumes her to be. If one told you enough times, would you believe it? When given the news of Mrss Mallards husbands death, it only reinforces her fragile state. She wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment. The dependence on a male figure is no longer there. She feels alone, deserted and why? Because as women, we have been shaped and molded so to think we are not complete without our better half, the male. Mrs. Mall ard is left helpless, she can no longer function only exerting another weakness on her part. At last, Mrs. Mallard isolates herself. She emphasizes the delicious b...

Rock Crawlers, Order Grylloblattodea

Rock Crawlers, Order Grylloblattodea The order Grylloblattodea is not well known, due in part to the small size of this insect group. Commonly called rock crawlers, ice crawlers, or ice bugs, these insects were first described in 1914. The order name comes from the Greek gryll for cricket and blatta for cockroach, a testament to their odd mixture of both cricket-like and roach-like traits. Description: Rock crawlers are wingless insects with elongate bodies ranging from 15 to 30 mm in length. They have either reduced compound eyes or none at all. Their long, slender antennae may have as many as 45 segments, but no less than 23, and are filiform in shape. The abdomen ends with long cerci of 5 or 8 segments. The female rock crawler has a pronounced ovipositor, which she uses to deposit eggs individually in the soil. Because these insects live in such cold habitats, their development is slow, taking as many as 7 years to complete a full life cycle from egg to adult. Ice crawlers undergo simple metamorphosis (egg, nymph, adult). Most ice bugs are believed to be nocturnal. Theyre most active when temperatures are coldest, and die when temperatures rise above 10Â º Celsius. They scavenge on dead insects and other organic matter. Habitat and Distribution: Rock crawlers inhabit the earths coldest environments, from ice caves to the edge of glaciers They typically live at high elevations. We know of only 25 species worldwide, and 11 of these live in North America. The other known ice bugs live in Siberia, China, Japan, and Korea. So far, rock crawlers have never been found in the southern hemisphere. Major Families in the Order: All rock crawlers belong to a single family – Grylloblattidae. Families and Genera of Interest: Grylloblattia campodeiformis was the very first rock crawler discovered. E.M. Walker described the species, which was found in Banff, Alberta (Canada).The genus Grylloblattina includes just one species, which lives in Siberia.All North American ice bugs belong to one genus, the Grylloblattia. Sources: Borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th Edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. JohnsonGrylloblattodea, John R. Meyer, North Carolina State University, accessed December 19, 2011Suborder Grylloblattodea, Bugguide, accessed December 19, 2011Ice Bugs (Order Grylloblattodea), Gorden Ramel, accessed December 19, 2011

Justification of vendor ROI for a major equipment used in radiology Assignment

Justification of vendor ROI for a major equipment used in radiology - Assignment Example The report also highlights the relationship between cost justification and return on investment in detail from the manager’s point of view providing justification for the feasibility of the capital purchase or investment decision to be made to the Vice president of the company. Variance report is a method of communicating the performance of the company between the executives. A comparative analysis is conducted by comparing the available set of figures to reach an effective outcome. The sole purpose of the variance analysis is to review the budgetary goals and targets which the company plans to achieve. The management required to review the monthly budget because the expenses of the salaries were higher and the supplies and equipment which were available in the particular department were comparatively lower than the budget breakup. A properly formed variance reports includes the overspending or under-spending trends. In this case the hospital is spending more on the salaries of the employees and less on the equipment although the prescribed budget is sufficient to do so. A variance analysis must include proper graphs and figures and it must define the favorable and unfavorable position of a particular decision (Microsoft, n.d.). A variance analysis must include the comparison of the actual and the budgeted figures. The difference in the variation of the actual and the budgeted figures of the hospital will be clearly predicted to reach to a conclusion. A variance report identifies the areas which will improve the installation of the Linear Accelerator. The equipment and the vendor from which the equipment will be purchased are discussed in this report. During the analysis the calculation of the cash budget will be analyzed. A detailed structure of the estimated rise in the number of patients for the economic period will be projected with the figures of the receivables and the cash

Critical Summary Writing for Virtual Communities Assignment

Critical Summary Writing for Virtual Communities - Assignment Example Online discussion of whatever topic engages people and makes the virtual community interesting that engages people because a wealth of economies for knowledge are shared where everybody benefits from it of which an effective host is able to create the suitable environment for such engagement to flourish. This may not be easy to do but showing genuine interest for online community members and establishing rules early on helps create a positive online environment. The absence of physical contact makes online community vulnerable to misunderstanding and conflict. It is expected that the host will be challenged by the community members in the early stage of the online community. It would be better if the host will delay emotional response when challenged by members of the online community. It would also help not to say anything and bend over backward to become civil when challenged. If the host must respond, it would be safer to send a private message to the party concerned. One must remember that an ounce of elegance and grace is worth ten pounds of argument. Averting possible conflict in the online community ensures the positive atmosphere where members are engaged Hosting a virtual community or social media is just like organizing a physical community. One must be a good host to facilitate group activity that keeps everyone interested. Just like physical community, there are also pitfalls that could spark misunderstanding of which a good host must avoid. Emotional restraint is a good quality of an online host to avoid conflict. once these environment is created, the online community will become a self-sustaining group and will

Linus Pauling Essay -- Biography Linus Pauling Essays

Linus Pauling (1901-1994) A master and maker in many fields, Linus Pauling lived a very long and productive life spanning nearly the entire twentieth century. By the time he was in his twenties, he had made a name for himself as a scientist. After many significant contributions including his work on the nature of the chemical bond, he turned to chemical biology and is generally accepted as the founder of molecular biology. Later in his life he became very involved in issues of politics and peace for which he is somewhat less well known. In his later years, he became interested in health and medicine and specifically in the use of vitamin C to prevent ailments from the common cold to cancer. In Pauling’s own words he was â€Å"†¦a physicist with an interest in chemistry. [His] scientific work, however, has not been restricted to chemistry and physics, but has extended over X-ray crystallography, mineralogy, biochemistry, nuclear science, genetics, and molecular biology; also nutrition and various aspects of research in medicine, such as serology, immunology, and psychiatry† (Marinacci Ed., 1995, p. 26). Pauling received two Nobel Prizes acknowledging his contributions, one in Chemistry in 1954 and one for Peace in 1962. Gardner describes the creative individual as follows: â€Å"The creative individual is a person who regularly solves problems, fashions products, or defines new questions in a domain in a way that is initially considered novel but that ultimately becomes accepted in a particular cultural setting† (Gardner, 1993, p. 35). As I understand this, a creative individual is one who seeks out problems and states or solves them in a way that no one else has previously. Such inno... ...ive individuals. He also fits Gardner’s description of the Exemplary Creator fairly well. Linus Pauling was a creator with astounding intellectual abilities who was also active in many other areas as dictated by his interest and passion. His ideas and research into the nature of chemical bonds significantly changed the way that we understand the world. References Books: Gardner, H. (1993). Creating Minds. New York: Basic Books. Goertzel, T., & Goertzel, B. (1995). Linus Pauling. New York: Basic Books. Hargittai, I., & Hargittai, M. (2000). Conversations with Famous Chemists. London: Imperial College Press. Marinacci, B. (Ed.). (1995). Linus Pauling in His Own Words. New York: Simon & Schuster. Internet (photographs): http://www.wic.org/bio/lpauling.htm http://pauling.library.orst.edu/exhibit/index1.htm

Peer Relationships

Having arrived at the gateway to adulthood, the teenage years are an exciting time of freedom, no responsibilities, and supposedly the best time of your life; unfortunately it is not always a cake walk. Whether it is maintaining good grades or keeping up with what the plans are for the weekend, there is a serious amount of pressure throughout high school and it becomes easy to get lost in the madness. Studies show that the qualities of peer relationships at this time are key contributors to mental health now and throughout life.Positive relationships are beneficial to young adults because it helps in gaining a sense of what good social interactions are and produces equal or greater relationships in the future. On the flip side, poor peer relationships can have negative effects on adulthood mental health and social relations. Unforgiving social cliques and high societal expectations are a few causes of the shrinking of teen self-esteem and disruption of stable mental well-being. When students start high school they quickly find their place on the social ladder.Some students find themselves at to top, some find a place in the middle they’re comfortable with, and others are sometimes cast out and pushed to the bottom by the rest. Social status and cliques rank unnecessarily high in importance amongst adolescents; teens are consistently pressured to maintain their high social standing. This chronic stress leads to their disengagement from classroom activities (McGrath & Noble, 2010). Even pupils that seem to be at the top of their social ladder develop conflict among one another, disrupting school performance.These students become more focused on the trifling drama and maintaining social stature and find the importance of school beginning to decline. Research conducted by Helen McGrath and Toni Noble shows that, young adults that have poor relationships with their peers, show lower levels of school achievement and higher levels of school avoidance. Once teen agers’ attention is elsewhere in the classroom, they begin to fall behind on school work due to the fact that they are more focused on their life outside of school.Bad study habits can develop if they are engrossed in their social life and they can carry those bad study habits with them through high school to college. Pupils with high social standing are not the only ones affected by negative peer relationships; it influences students at the bottom of the social ladder as well. The so called â€Å"bottom† of the social ladder is made up of persons that have often times been rejected by their peers for one reason or another; they may dress different, act a certain way, or lack some sort of attribute that society believes is necessary.Students that are excluded from their peers still seek the same social fulfillment as others; in a way this causes them to be more desperate for that fulfillment. Being bullied by social exclusion may appear less visibly harmful than verbal or physical forms of bullying but may be more detrimental to children’s participation in learning activities and have more impact on their academic outcomes, states McGrath and Noble.Social exclusion and bullying can go even further than classroom disengagement; as a result of bullying, people can lose their ability to love and trust, denying them the chance to experience a quality relationship later in their life. They might find themselves as a submissive partner or they may want to be completely alone. Aside from its long-term effects, some consequences of bullying can be seen and felt immediately. When one calls another a harsh name, the victim might cry, just like a bruise might appear after a punch to the arm. However, some effects of bullying are not always obvious to the naked eye.The results of bullying might grow and appear over time, damaging a person in profound ways for the long term. Victims often develop eating disorders, begin to self-injure, or require exten sive counseling. Social bullying can also leave people without a supportive group of friends that they can lean on and spend time with. Isolation amongst peers has negative repercussions towards young adult mental health because at this age, according to Kingsly Nyarko of the University of Ghana’s psychology department, being accepted by peers has important implications for adjustment both during adolescence and into adulthood.Friends are supporters and motivators, they help you feel better when you’re sad and can talk you through any problems you are facing. When that support is missing from a person’s life, they have no one to talk to, making them feel alone and excluded. This can damage an adolescent’s ability to maintain healthy friendships and possess adequate social skills. Being teased, rejected or socially excluded by other pupils on an ongoing basis has been identified as the single most common characteristic of children who are at high risk for developing emotional and behavioral disorders (McGrath & Noble, 2010).Isolation makes adolescents feel as if there is something wrong with them, thus lowering self-esteem and creating disorders such as anorexia, depression, anxiety and bipolar disorders. Some individuals recover from loneliness by using their own strategies, or by letting time do the healing. Others require outside professional help. The most obvious approach is to help people develop satisfying personal relationships. This can be done by improving how they interact with others through social skills training or forms of psychotherapy aimed at changing dysfunctional interpersonal dispositions (e. g. fear of rejection). It can also be done by improving opportunities for interactions through programs aimed at removing barriers for social interaction (e. g. , providing transportation) or at bringing people together (e. g. , discussion groups). Major depressive disorders in early adulthood range from 10%-17% (Maughan & C ollishaw & Stringaris, 2012). One of the biggest issues for teens is fitting in. Society tells young adults that they need to act a certain way or look a certain way, and when a teen doesn’t feel they follow that socially acceptable conduct, they often become repressed within themselves.They want to be accepted and there is a fear of being alone and not being wanted. Popularity is a huge social factor for any teen, especially in High School. Everyone wants to be part of the â€Å"in crowd† and if you cannot be a part of them, you want to dress like them or act like them. Pressures like this do tend to be worse for girls; about twice as likely to be affected as men (Maughan et al. , 2012). Girls feel the need to please others and seek approval while boys learn that it is ok to be themselves and do their own thing.Boys tend to be able to deal better with these social issues then girls do. They are able to put events behind them, and not depend upon others for reassuring them of their self-worth. One example is when an adolescent boy and girl are equally interested in each other; the boys seem to be able to cope with love's losses better than girls do. They put it behind them and move on, while girls focus on the breakup and keep talking about it, stirring the emotional pot. These depressive episodes are not just short term; 50-70% are likely to develop a further episode within five years (Maughan et al. 2012). However, sometimes depression can be avoided all together. Having a good home life and a high self-esteem would be primary for people not to be depressed. Although in some cases you are predisposition to have depression, little things do help. Talking about your problems and not bottling them up helps immensely to avoid emotional breakdowns and blowups. Avoiding extreme â€Å"stressers,† like putting yourself in a situation you cannot get out of, also helps. Avoidance of cigarettes and alcohol also helps with staying healthy and happy. Despite the vast amount of negative effects peer relationships have on young adults there are a substantial amount of positive effects as well. When healthy peer relationships are established early on, they positively affect every aspect of everyday life; one facet being school attendance and performance. The link between pupil engagement, achievement and well-being appears to is bi-directional, i. e. the more pupils are actively engaged and achieving in learning, the greater their sense of well-being and vice versa (McGrath ; Noble, 2010).When students are treated well by other pupils it makes them more enthused about participation in school activities. Positive peer relationships are also linked to higher levels of school attendance and pupil engagement with learning and a reduction in the likelihood of dropping out in secondary school (McGrath ; Noble, 2008). When students find their school environment to be supportive and caring, they are less likely to become involved in substa nce abuse, violence, and other problem behaviors.They are more likely to develop positive attitudes toward themselves and pro-social attitudes and behaviors toward others; supportive schools foster these positive outcomes by promoting students’ sense of â€Å"connectedness†, â€Å"belongingness†, or â€Å"community† during the school day. Additionally, this time during adolescence is imperative because, the development of strong interpersonal skills and relationships during emerging adulthood is an essential component of effective career and role functioning throughout the adult life span.Comments by others, particularly parents and peers, reflect appraisals of the individual that some adolescents may incorporate as part of their identity and feelings about themselves (Nyarko, 2012). Negative experiences in early adulthood are often particularly damaging to self-esteem. In early years, personality and sense of self is being formed, and harmful experiences can leave one feeling that they are not valued or important.Even though one is close to adulthood, there has still been too little amount of time to build any resilience, so these negative views can become the ones that teens believe about themselves. The way one may view them self can be tainted by society’s ideas of ‘beauty’; this is where helpful friendships are essential. When a teen’s self-esteem is disintegrating they need constructive re-affirmation to keep a positive attitude; this can be accomplished through strong friendships.Frequently, the friendships we make during our youth fade or dwindle as we grow up and move on to new places in life. Yet when our childhood and school-year friends stay with us into adulthood, they are often the most important friends we have. Our common history and the length of time that our connection has continued becomes the glue that keeps us together, even if we’ve changed significantly from when we first met . Our most valuable friends are the ones with whom we feel the deepest connection and greatest trust.It is with these friends that we share our fears, secrets, desires and problems and dreams. There are many unexpected benefits from this type of relationship, including such things as lessening stress, limiting depression, lowering blood pressure, keeping our minds agile, and lessening the debilitating effects of old age. Research has even shown that people with close friendships are more likely to exercise regularly, avoid excessive alcohol and even be more inclined to quit smoking. Positive peer relationships in early adulthood have positive effects on self-esteem.Chen, Cohen, Johson, and Kasen (2008) summary article on Psychiatric disorders during adolescence and relationships with peers found that, during adolescence, friends are providers of companionship, social and emotional support, and intimate self-disclosure and reflection. Group activities such as sports are an effective way to gain self-esteem boosting encouragement and relationships. Being involved in a team allows teens to build relationships and social skills that will help them further in life. Other group activities such as school extracurriculars have similar constructive effects on teen contentment.Peer relationships play an important role in pshyco-social development and well-being throughout life (Chen et al. , 2008). Young adults’ body image often times can be influenced by their relationship with peers. For some it is viewed as the lowest point in their life; others claim it to be the highlight of their years. No matter what personal opinion individuals express, it is evident that early adulthood is a key turning point in life. The experiences at this time, positive or negative, set the very foundation for later adulthood.

Public Speaking Anxiety Definition and Solutions

Public speaking anxiety (PSA) is the fear experienced by a person when delivering (or preparing to deliver) a speech to an audience.  Public speaking anxiety is sometimes referred to as stage fright or  communication apprehension. In  The Challenge of Effective Speaking (2012),  R.F. Verderber et al. report that as many as 76% of experienced public speakers feel fearful before presenting a speech. Examples and Observations In a 1986 study of about a thousand individuals, researchers discovered that people identified public speaking as their number-one fear. Public speaking anxiety even outranked such fears as going to the dentist, heights, mice, and flying. (Sheldon Metcalfe, Building a Speech. Wadsworth, 2010Surveys show that the number one fear of Americans is public speaking. Number two is death. Death is number two. That means that at a funeral, the average American would rather be in the casket than doing the eulogy. (American comedian Jerry Seinfeld) Causes of Public Speaking Anxiety [M]ost peoples . . . anxiety about public speaking exists for six reasons. Many people are . . . anxious because public speaking isNovel. We dont do it regularly and lack necessary skills as a result.Done in formal settings. Our behaviors when giving a speech are more prescribed and rigid.Often done from a subordinate position. An instructor or boss sets the rules for giving a speech, and the audience acts as a critic.Conspicuous or obvious. The speaker stands apart from the audience.Done in front of an audience that is unfamiliar. Most people are more comfortable talking with people they know. . . .A unique situation in which the degree of attention paid to the speaker is quite noticeable... Audience members either stare at us or ignore us, so we become unusually self-focused.(Cindy L. Griffin, Invitation to Public Speaking, 3rd ed. Wadsworth, 2009) 6 Strategies for Managing Anxiety (adapted from  Public Speaking: The Evolving Art, 2nd ed., by Stephanie J. Coopman and James Lull. Wadsworth, 2012) Start planning and preparing your speech early.Choose a topic you care about.Become an expert on your topic.Research your audience.Practice your speech.Know your introduction and conclusion well. Suggestions for Handling Fear (adapted from Business Communication. Harvard Business School Press, 2003) Anticipate questions and objections, and develop solid responses.Use breathing techniques and tension-relieving exercises to reduce stress.Stop thinking about yourself and how you appear to the audience. Switch your thoughts to the audience and how your presentation can help them.Accept nervousness as natural, and do not try to counteract it with food, caffeine, drugs, or alcohol prior to the presentation.If all else fails and you start getting the shakes, pick out a friendly face in the audience and talk to that person. Speaking Strategies: A Checklist (adapted from The College Writer: A Guide to Thinking, Writing, and Researching, 3rd ed., by Randall VanderMey, Verne Meyer, John Van Rys, and Patrick Sebranek. Wadsworth, 2009) Be confident, positive, and energetic.Maintain eye contact when speaking or listening.Use gestures naturally--dont force them.Provide for audience participation; survey the audience: How many of you . . .?Maintain a comfortable, erect posture.Speak up and speak clearly--dont rush.Reword and clarify when necessary.After the presentation, ask for questions and answer them clearly.Thank the audience. Multiple Strategies Sometimes you may need several different pressure-fighting strategies at once--as when you find yourself delivering an important presentation that youve practiced to perfection while at the same time you have to field difficult questions on the fly. To succeed in this pressure-filled situation, you will not only have to combat worries, you will also have to make sure you dont exert too much control over your well-practised speech routine. Understanding why different high-pressure situations can derail performance allows you to pick the right strategy to prevent choking. (Sian Beilock, Choke. Free Press, 2011) Thinking Makes It So If people feel their public speaking skills can meet or exceed the audiences expectations, then they will not perceive the situation as threatening. If, however, people do not feel their skills are adequate to meet audience expectations then the situation will be perceived as threatening. Cognitive theorists believe that thinking counterproductive thoughts like this triggers public speaking anxiety. When people perceive public speaking as something to be feared, the perception elicits physiological reactions appropriate to a situation in which the persons physical well-being is threatened (increased heartrate, sweating, etc.). These physiological changes reinforce the persons definition of the situation as something to be feared. (Joe Ayres and Tim Hopf, Coping WIth Speech Anxiety. Ablex, 1993) Welcome Nervousness [T]he trick to managing nervousness is starting to think of being nervous simply as being alive. . . .I recommend you say to yourself, Wow, Im nervous. Excellent! That means Im alive and have energy to spare. What should I do with this spare energy? Give it away--knock the socks off my audience.As you learn to do this--to welcome nervousness, breathe into it, and recycle it as additional commitment and animation--you may actually begin to look forward to it, to try to be nervous if you arent nervous. (Frances Cole Jones, How to Wow: Proven Strategies for Selling Your [Brilliant] Self in Any Situation. Ballantine Books, 2008)